HomeDrivers DownloadArticlesDrivers Search
Driver Search: Enter the hardware model to search for the driver
Wireless Network Adapter Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC
 
 
 
 
 
(2 stars by 278 users)
 
Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC is a network card launched by Realtek manufacturer. Many computer manufacturers integrate this network card into the whole product, If you like to watch high-definition network video, Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC card can meet your requirements. As it is very fast, it has strong anti-interference ability against electricity, and can shield most of the current magnetic field around it, Thanks to the use of high-quality circuit boards and various high-quality components, it can work for a long time in various environments, even if it is minus 30°, it will not be affected in any way, and it can keep the network stable, This network card also does a good job in terms of security. When it is connected to the router, it uses encryption algorithms to encrypt data by default, allowing you to browse information online with more confidence, The most commonly used wireless data exchange protocols are 802.11b and 802.11a. Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC also supports these standard protocols. Using these protocols, it can be connected to various new or old router devices, In general, this is a good wireless network card, worth having.
Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC driver installation information
The following is driver installation information, which is very useful to help you find or install drivers for Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC.For example: Hardware ID information item, which contains the hardware manufacturer ID and hardware ID. These two ID values are unique and will not be duplicated with other hardware. According to these two ID values, the matching driver information can be accurately found. This method is more effective than any others, and 100% correct.There are many other information items that you can use to find the driver version information and the required driver files.

The name of the driver type in the system is: Net, and the drive type GUID is: {4d36e972-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}.

For Windows OS:
Windows 10 Enterprise
Windows 10 Home

Hardware ID:
PCI: VEN_10EC&DEV_8190
CLASS
Net
SERVICE
rtl819xp
ENUMERATOR_NAME
PCI
UPPERFILTERS
vwifibus
MFG
Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
CLASSGUID
{4D36E972-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
PHYSICAL_DEVICE_OBJECT_NAME
\Device\NTPNP_PCI0020
DRIVER
{4d36e972-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}\0002
LOCATION_INFORMATION
PCI bus 4, device 1, function 0
FRIENDLYNAME
Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC
LOCATION_PATHS
PCIROOT(0)#PCI(1E00)#PCI(0100), ACPI(_SB_)#ACPI(PCI0)#ACPI(BR1E)#PCI(0100)
COMPATIBLEIDS
PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&REV_00, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190, PCI\VEN_10EC&CC_028000, PCI\VEN_10EC&CC_0280, PCI\VEN_10EC, PCI\CC_028000, PCI\CC_0280
HARDWAREID
PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_819010EC&REV_00, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_819010EC, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&CC_028000, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&CC_0280
Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC Driver download
Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC
Net
Haven't found the right driver yet? Are you facing difficulties in the driver search process?

1. The drivers you found aren't compatible.

2. You don't know how to search for drivers.

3. Your device isn't installed with drivers and appears as an "unknown device" in the system. You don't know how to find drivers for it.

This website offers a new method for finding drivers, a precise and fast way. Click here to use the new feature.
Installation Parameter
[version]
Signature
"$Windows NT$"
Class
Net
ClassGUID
{4d36e972-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}
Provider
%MSFT%
DriverVer
01/08/2011,2002.1.0106.2013
[Manufacturer]
%Realtek%
Realtek, NTx86, NTamd64
%DLink%
DLink, NTx86, NTamd64
%Corega%
Corega, NTx86, NTamd64
[ControlFlags]
ExcludeFromSelect
*
[Realtek.NTx86]
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.RTK%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_819210EC
%RTL8190p.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_819010EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818110EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815110EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818210EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815210EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818310EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815310EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818410EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815410EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.AZUREWAVE%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818610EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.MSI%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_68961462
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.PEGATRON%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_005e1b0a
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_E01C105B
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_E01D105B
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_ASKEY_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_7160144F
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192
[DLink.NTx86]
%DLink.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_33041186
[Corega.NTx86]
%CG-WLPCI300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_C12D1259
%CG-WLCB300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0046
%CG-WLPCIE300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0044
%CG-WLEC300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0047
[Realtek.NTamd64]
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.RTK%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_819210EC
%RTL8190p.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_819010EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818110EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815110EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818210EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815210EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818310EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815310EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818410EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_815410EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.AZUREWAVE%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_818610EC
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.MSI%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_68961462
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.PEGATRON%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_005e1b0a
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_E01C105B
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_F%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_E01D105B
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_ASKEY_H%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192&SUBSYS_7160144F
%RTL8192e.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8192
[DLink.NTamd64]
%DLink.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_33041186
[Corega.NTamd64]
%CG-WLPCI300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8190&SUBSYS_C12D1259
%CG-WLCB300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0046
%CG-WLPCIE300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0044
%CG-WLEC300N.DeviceDesc%
RTL819xp.ndi, PCI\VEN_07AA&DEV_0047
[RTL819xp.ndi]
Include
netvwifibus.inf
Needs
VWiFiBus.CopyFiles
Characteristics
0x84
BusType
5
AddReg
RTL819xp_os61.reg
CopyFiles
RTL819xp.CopyFiles
*IfType
71 ; IF_TYPE_IEEE80211
*MediaType
16 ; NdisMediumNative802_11
*PhysicalMediaType
9 ; NdisPhysicalMediumNative802_11
[RTL819xp.ndi.Services]
Include
netvwifibus.inf
Needs
VWiFiBus.Services
AddService
rtl819xp, 2, RTL819xp.nt61.Service, RTL819xp.nt61.EventLog
[RTL819xp.ndi.HW]
Include
netvwifibus.inf
Needs
VWiFiBus.PnPFilterRegistration.Hw
AddReg
RTL819xp_os61.vwifi.reg
[RTL819xp_os61.reg]
 
HKR, Ndi, Service, 0, "rtl819xp"
 
HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, UpperRange, 0, "ndis5,mdcwifi,wifipro"
 
HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, LowerRange, 0, "wlan,ethernet,vwifi"
 
HKR,defaults,AH_BcnIntv, 0, "1000"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, default, 0, "100"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, ParamDesc, 0, %AH_BCNINTV_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, type, 0, "int"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, min, 0, "20"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, max, 0, "1000"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\AH_BcnIntv, step, 0, "1"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\Dot11dEnable, ParamDesc, 0, %DOT11_ENABLE_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\Dot11dEnable, type, 0, "enum"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\Dot11dEnable, default, 0, "0"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\Dot11dEnable\enum, "0", 0, %DISABLE_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\Dot11dEnable\enum, "1", 0, %ENABLE_STR%
 
HKR,defaults,Dot11dEnable,0,"0"
 
HKR,,Dot11dEnable,0,"0"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode, ParamDesc, 0, %WL_MODE_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode, type, 0, "enum"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode, default, 0, "8"
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode\enum, "2", 0, %IEEE_802_11B_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode\enum, "4", 0, %IEEE_802_11BG_STR%
 
HKR,Ndi\params\WirelessMode\enum, "8", 0, %IEEE_802_11BGN_STR%
 
HKR,defaults,WirelessMode, 0, "8"
 
HKR,,WirelessMode, 0, "8"
 
HKR,defaults,LeisurePsMode,0,"2"
 
HKR,,LeisurePsMode,0,"2"
 
HKR,,InactivePs,0,"2"
 
HKR,,HwSwRfOffD3,0,"1"
 
HKR,defaults,AMD,0,"0"
 
HKR,,AMD,0,"0"
 
HKR,,KeepAliveLevel,0,"2"
 
HKR,,DefaultKeyID,,"0"
 
HKR,,DefaultKey0,,""
 
HKR,,DefaultKey1,,""
 
HKR,,DefaultKey2,,""
 
HKR,,DefaultKey3,,""
 
HKR,,WiFiConfg,,"0"
 
HKR,,Channel,0,"10"
 
HKR,,AdhocLinkState,0,"1"
 
HKR,,PcieWork,0,"0"
 
HKR,,WepMode,0,"0"
 
HKR,,UseRxInterruptWorkItem,0,"1"
[RTL819xp.nt61.Service]
DisplayName
%RTL819xp.Service.DispName%
ServiceType
1 ;SERVICE_KERNEL_DRIVER
StartType
3 ;SERVICE_DEMAND_START
ErrorControl
1 ;SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL
ServiceBinary
%12%\rtl819xp.sys
LoadOrderGroup
NDIS
[RTL819xp.nt61.EventLog]
AddReg
RTL819xp.nt61.AddEventLog.reg
[RTL819xp.nt61.AddEventLog.reg]
 
HKR, , EventMessageFile, 0x00020000, "%%SystemRoot%%\System32\netevent.dll"
 
HKR, , TypesSupported, 0x00010001, 7
[RTL819xp_os61.vwifi.reg]
 
HKR,,"UpperFilters",0x00010000,"vwifibus"
[RTL819xp.CopyFiles]
 
rtl819xp.sys,,,2
[SourceDisksNames]
1
%DISKNAME%,,,
[SourceDisksFiles]
rtl819xp.sys
1
[DestinationDirs]
DefaultDestDir
11
RTL819xp.CopyFiles
12
[Strings]
MSFT
"Microsoft"
Realtek
"Realtek Semiconductor Corp."
DLink
"D-Link"
Corega
"corega K.K."
SSID_STR
"SSID"
CHANNEL_STR
"Channel"
NETWORK_TYPE_STR
"Network Type"
LED_CONTROL_STR
"LED Control"
POWER_SAVE_STR
"Power Save Mode"
WIFI_IBSS_STR
"IBSS Default 11b Mode"
RATE_ADAPTIVE_STR
"Rate Adaptive"
QOS_STR
"QoS"
WMM_APSD
"WMM APSD"
CCX_RM_STR
"CCX Radio Measurement"
CCX_OFF_LINE_DUR_UP_LIMIT_STR
"CCX Max Off-Line Measurement (0: unlimited)"
FORCE_PRIORITY_STR
"Forced Priority"
HW_PARA_STR
"Init from HwParaFile"
THREE_WIRE_MODE_STR
"Three Wire Programming Mode"
BOARD_TYPE_STR
"Board Type"
PROTECTION_MODE_STR
"Protection Mode"
TPC_STR
"Transmit Power Control"
TPC_POLARITY_STR
"TPC Polarity Select"
HIGH_POWER_STR
"High Power Mechanism"
INIT_GAIN_STR
"Initial Gain State"
CW_MAX_MIN_STR
"Contention Window"
PSP_XLINK_STR
"PSP XLink Mode"
CHANNEL_PLAN_STR
"Channel Plan"
WL_MODE_STR
"Wireless Mode"
PREAMBLE_MODE_STR
"Preamble Mode"
FRAGTHRESH_STR
"Fragmentation Threshold"
RTSTHRESH_STR
"RTS Threshold"
DOT11_ENABLE_STR
"802.11d"
DISABLE_STR
"Disable"
ENABLE_STR
"Enable"
CAM_STR
"CAM"
MAX_PSP_STR
"MAX_PSP"
FAST_PSP_STR
"Fast_PSP"
AD_HOC_STR
"Ad Hoc"
INFRASTRUCTURE_STR
"Infrastructure"
AUTO_SELECT_STR
"Auto select"
DOMAIN_FROM_EEPROM_STR
"DOMAIN_FROM_EEPROM"
AUTO_STR
"Auto"
LONG_PREAMBLE_STR
"Long Preamble"
SHORT_PREAMBLE_STR
"Short Preamble"
FCC_STR
"FCC"
IC_STR
"IC"
ETSI_STR
"ETSI"
SPAIN_STR
"Spain"
FRANCE_STR
"France"
MKK_STR
"MKK"
MKK1_STR
"MKK1"
ISRAEL_STR
"Israel"
TELEC_STR
"TELEC"
IEEE_802_11A_STR
"IEEE 802.11a"
IEEE_802_11B_STR
"IEEE 802.11b"
IEEE_802_11BG_STR
"IEEE 802.11b/g"
IEEE_802_11BGN_STR
"IEEE 802.11b/g/n"
Roam_Retry_Limit_STR
"Roam Retry Limit(sec)"
LEISURE_POWER_SAVE_STR
"Leisure Power Save"
AH_BCNINTV_STR
"Beacon Interval"
DISKNAME
"Realtek RTL819xP Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI/PCI-E Driver Disk"
RTL8190p.DeviceDesc
"Realtek RTL8190 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC"
DLink.DeviceDesc
"D-Link Wireless N DWA-532 Desktop Adapter"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_LITEON_F
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ASKEY_F
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_FOXCONN_F
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.TOSHIBA_ARCADYAN_F
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.RTK
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.AZUREWAVE
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.MSI
"802.11bgn 1T2R Mini Card Wireless Adapter"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.PEGATRON
"Realtek RTL8192E/8256 802.11 b/g/n WLAN HMC Network"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_FOXCONN_F
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc.SAMSUNG_ASKEY_H
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
RTL8192e.DeviceDesc
"Realtek RTL8192E Wireless LAN 802.11n PCI-E NIC"
CG-WLPCIE300N.DeviceDesc
"CG-WLPCIE300N"
CG-WLEC300N.DeviceDesc
"CG-WLEC300N"
CG-WLPCI300N.DeviceDesc
"CG-WLPCI300N"
CG-WLCB300N.DeviceDesc
"CG-WLCB300N"
RTL819xp.Service.DispName
"Realtek RTL8190/RTL8192E 802.11n Wireless LAN (Mini-)PCI NIC NT Driver"
Use the search function to find the driver you need

Many hardware names are usually named after the chip model, and each chip model has its own dedicated driver, so as long as you know the chip model used by the hardware, you can find the right driver. For example, if your graphics card is named: "AMD Radeon RX 580", while actually the core chip model used is: "Radeon RX 580", then enter "Radeon RX 580" or "RX 580" to find the driver.

If you have a laptop or an all-in-one PC, you can also use the product name to search, and then go to the download page which has all the drivers for this machine (including: graphics card, network card, sound card, etc.). For example, if your laptop product name is: "Dell A6-9220e Inspiron Flagship", then type "Dell A6-9220e" to find all the drivers for this laptop.

Search steps:

1. Enter a keyword in the input box and click the "Search" button

2. In the query results, find the driver file you need, and click the download button

Driver Finder:

• Can't find the required driver files?
• Don't know how to find driver files?
• Unable to download driver files due to unstable network?
You can try using this driver file finder. The method of use is very simple. The program will automatically list all the driver files available for your current system. You can install drivers for devices that do not have drivers installed, and you can also upgrade drivers to the latest driver version for devices that have already installed drivers. Click here to download the driver finder.

Leave a Reply

If you have any questions, please leave a message. We will seriously reply to every question.

Name * ( Required fields are marked * )

Email ( Your email address will not be published )

    ToolBar:
    ←Upload Images

    Uploading pictures, please wait...    

    To better address the issue, please provide a detailed description of the problem.
    If possible, it would be helpful to include some images for additional clarification.
    For example, include screenshots of the error messages that appeared or any relevant dialog boxes.

Comment

HTML Code, Read Only, Click here Edit Post.

 
Latest Posts
 
User Reply & Help
About | Contact | Privacy Policy | Statement
Copyright © 2024 runonpc.com All rights reserved.
Any other third-party products, brands or trademarks listed above are the sole property of their respective owner.
runonpc.com does not have any cooperation or affiliation relationship with all the companies mentioned in the site content.